What is Dementia?
Types of dementia
1. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases. It is caused by abnormal protein deposits in the brain that form plaques and tangles, leading to brain cell death. Genetics and ageing are risk factors.
2. Vascular dementia occurs due to brain injuries from impaired blood flow. It can be caused by strokes, blood vessel damage, or diseases like hypertension. The location and extent of injuries determine symptoms.
3. Mixed dementia involves abnormalities linked to multiple types of dementia occurring simultaneously, often Alzheimer’s combined with vascular dementia. This reflects the complex nature of the brain.
4. Dementia with Lewy bodies is caused by abnormal protein deposits called Lewy bodies forming in brain regions involved in thinking, memory, and movement control. Visual hallucinations are a common early symptom.
5. Frontotemporal dementia involves progressive damage to the frontal and/or temporal lobes of the brain. It impairs personality, behaviour, language, and movement. It tends to occur at younger ages.
Treatments
Treatments for dementia aim to manage symptoms and improve quality of life, as there are no cures currently. Medications like cholinesterase inhibitors can help with memory and thinking. Antidepressants and antipsychotics treat mood and behaviour changes. Physical, occupational, and speech therapies also help maintain functioning. Providing a safe, stable environment and engaging in meaningful activities is beneficial.
How it can affect a person
Dementia severely impacts a person’s cognitive, emotional, and physical health. As it progresses, people become more confused and disoriented. Simple tasks become difficult, and assistance with basic needs like eating and bathing becomes necessary. Personality and behaviour changes like depression, anxiety, delusions, and aggression often emerge. Memory impairments deepen, and communication abilities decline over time. Coping with these changes is challenging for both the diagnosed individual and the loved ones providing care.