What is Pyromania?
Causes
The exact cause of pyromania is unknown, but research suggests abnormalities in brain function related to regulation of emotions, impulses and behaviours may contribute. Genetics, neurobiology, and environmental factors are probable determinants. Pyromania has some similarities with substance addiction in terms of the compulsive urge and resultant gratification.
People with pyromania typically start fires for the accompanying adrenaline rush, fascination with the fire itself, or to relieve boredom, anxiety, anger or other dysphoric mood states. Their fire-setting is usually planned and deliberate rather than spontaneous or impulsive. They often experience intoxicating fascination watching the fire burn or feel euphoric recalling it afterwards.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis requires evidence of multiple fire-setting episodes that do not have a rational motive or explanation. The fire-setting cannot be attributed to impaired judgment from another disorder like conduct disorder, mania or dementia. The individual must experience tension or affective arousal before setting the fire and pleasure, enjoyment or relief when witnessing the fire or its aftermath.
Treatments
As pyromania is so rare, effective treatment protocols are still under research. A combination of psychotherapy and medication to stabilize mood or manage addictive tendencies provides the optimal outcomes. Cognitive and behavioural therapies can help identify emotional triggers and teach coping skills to resist fire-setting urges. Anti-seizure medications and SSRI antidepressants may curb impulsive behaviours.
The main priority in treatment is preventing further fire-setting behaviour, given the immense risks to property, animals and human lives. This may require inpatient rehabilitation programs and ongoing psychiatric care. A strong support system of family and community services can help maintain treatment gains over the long term.
While pyromania itself is rare, the deliberate setting of fires is an immense societal concern requiring diligent prevention, assessment and intervention efforts. Understanding the psychology and motivations behind pathological fire-setting allows clinicians to provide appropriate risk management, treatment and rehabilitation.